The Goliad Massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was an execution of Republic of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, by the Mexican Army. Hurry, Early Registration for the 2023 Annual Meeting in El Paso ends soon. On March 14, Ward defended his position at the Refugio Mission, while King's men fought from a stand of trees. This order was received by Portilla on March 26, who decided it was his duty to comply, despite receiving a countermanding order from Urrea later that same day. The wounded Texans, about fifty (some estimates are much higher) including doctors and orderlies, Colonel Fannin among them, were returned to Goliad over the next two days. On March 26, 1836, 19:00, Portilla received orders from Santa Anna in triplicate to execute the prisoners. In February 1836 Fannin and his garrison occupied PresidioLa Baha. A two day Battle of Coleto ensued with the Texians holding their own on the first day. However, the Mexicans would receive overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery. [26] Also spared were the 75 soldiers of Miller and the Nashville Battalion. Pedro (Luis?) Their charred remains were left in the open, unburied, and exposed to vultures and coyotes. No one stirred. It addresses the issue of whether the men murdered . [1], Forty Texians were unable to walk. [1], Albert Clinton Horton and his company had been acting as the advance and rear guards for Fannin's company. [citation needed], On March 2, at the Battle of Agua Dulce, James Grant was killed, as were 11 other men under his command. One week later, under the orders of Mexican General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, the Texians were marched outside the fort and shot. The gist of these was that Fannin and his men, including his officers and the wounded, should be treated as prisoners of war according to the usages of civilized nations and, as soon as possible, paroled and returned to the United States. Acontecimento It was, on the whole, that in shooting these prisoners, Mexico was acting within its rights. All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Ehrenberg: Goliad Survivor, Old West Explorer: A Biography by Natalie Ornish,, Herman Ehrenberg Print length 403 pages Language English Publisher Texas Heritage Pr Publication date January 1, 1997 Dimensions 6.5 x 1.25 x 9.5 inches ISBN-10 0962075515 ISBN-13 978-0962075513 See all details Books with Buzz [7], Also spared were the 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion, who had surrendered while still unarmed. Victoria Advocate, January 3, 1932, 88th Anniversary Number, September 28, 1934. Angeli Wright awright@vicad.com A Bible opened up to Psalm 22 is nailed to the tree. While Texans were fighting the final battle for their independence on April 21, 1836, a survivor of the Goliad Massacre was spending his 21st day on the run. [18] Three known survivors escaped to Houston's army and participated in the Battle of San Jacinto. They had first given this account at a ranch where they had taken refuge after the escape. Johnson and five others had also been captured but escaped and rejoined James Fannin's command at Goliad. At around 8 a.m. on Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Colonel Portilla had the able bodied of 342 Texians marched out of Fort Defiance into three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road. According to Mexican law, foreign fighters taken on Mexican soil were to be executed for piracy. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Find the perfect massacre of able stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Despite the protests for clemency by General Jos de Urrea, the massacre was reluctantly carried out by Lt. accessed January 19, 2023, The conflict, a part of the Texas Revolution, was the first step in Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's attempt to retake the province of Texas after an insurgent army of Texian settlers and adventurers from the United States had driven out all Mexican troops the previous year. Explore the restored Mission Espritu Santo and surrounding grounds. On March 19, General Urrea had quickly advanced and surrounded 300 men in the Texian Army on the open prairie, near La Bahia (Goliad). [11], On March 19, Urrea had quickly advanced and surrounded 300 men of the Texian Army on the open prairie, near La Bahia (Goliad). You will also note that the name Fannin seems to be misspelled in both inscriptions. 1887; facsimile rpt., Austin: Steck, 1935). Until this episode Santa Anna's reputation had been that of a cunning and crafty man, rather than a cruel one. Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna et al., The Mexican Side of the Texan Revolution, trans. The prisoners held little suspicion of their fate, for they had been told a variety of stories-they were to gather wood, drive cattle, be marched to Matamoros, or proceed to the port of Copano for passage to New Orleans. [7] In the early nineteenth century, captured pirates were executed immediately. Some of the prisoners taken at Refugio but not executed with King's men are known to have been at Goliad, where they were again spared because they were serving the Mexican army as blacksmiths, wheelwrights, or other artisans. [29] He ordered the immediate execution of the perfidious foreigners and dispatched an aide to Goliad to ensure that Lieutenant Colonel Jose Nicolas de la Portilla, who had been left in charge at Goliad while Urrea continued his march through southern Texas, carried out his brutal directive. [11] The Texians were less than one mile (1.6km) from the safety of the tree line of Coleto Creek. The Texans lost control of Goliad on March 20, 1836, in the Battle of Coleto Creek. Every dollar helps. Urrea satisfied his conscience by shooting King and fourteen of his men, while "setting at liberty all who were colonists or Mexicans. Founded on the San Antonio River, it is the county seat of Goliad County. When the Texans finally resumed their march in the afternoon, they quickly encountered the Mexican forces. The remains were interred at a location southeast of the Presidio la Bahia. King on a mission to Refugio on March 11, to remove several noncombatant families out of the path of Urrea's army. [2] As part of his preparations for marching on Texas, in late December 1835 Santa . Inside the walls of the Presidio, the wounded Texian commander, Col. James W. Fannin was executed at point blank range. News of the Goliad Massacre spread outrage, resentment, and fear among the population of the fledgling Republic of Texas and abroad. The inscription on the watch reads that Jack retrieved Fannin's watch among the items taken from the Mexicans and returned it to Fannin's family. CORRUPT AUSTRALIAN MILITARY HISTORY: The fight to validate the 2nd D&E Platoon, Biography of Nnamdi Kanu, Age, Career and Net Worth, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02. [2], On February 27, 1836, Urrea's advance patrol surprised Frank W. Johnson and about 34 men, initiating the Battle of San Patricio, where they killed about 10 and took 18 prisoners. [15][16], The Mexicans took the Texians back to Goliad, where they were held as prisoners at Fort Defiance (Presidio La Bahia). War was begun with the incident at Gonzales. Following a one-sided battle on the prairie near Coleto Creek, 250 mostly American prisoners were marched back to the presidio at Goliad where they were joined by more than 200 others. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO OBE FRGS (/kltn/; 15 February 1874 - 5 January 1922) was a polar explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic, and one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Urrea wrote in his diary that he "wished to elude these orders as far as possible without compromising my personal responsibility." Meanwhile, Mexican forces under General Jos de Urrea were quickly reaching Goliad, and they defeated three Texan forces at the Battle of San Patricio on February 27, the Battle of Agua Dulce on March 2, and the Battle of Refugio on March 12.[10]. In view of Santa Anna's positive orders, Urrea could not, of course, accede to these terms, but refusing them would mean another bloody battle. Brad Johnson March 27, 2020 O Massacre de Goliad, situado na cidade de Goliad em 27 de maro de 1836, foi uma revolta de soldados-prisioneiros e seu comandante, James Fannin da Repblica do Texas, pelo exrcito mexicano. Fannin's men had agreed upon and reduced to writing the terms upon which they proposed to capitulate. Fannin also believed that by occupying Goliad, he could prevent Mexican commander Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna from drawing supplies from the Gulf of Mexico, but Fannin was called to assist Colonel William Travis at the Alamo. By the time the colonel ordered the retreat, it was too late. [3] The following month, Texians declared themselves part of a state independent from Coahuila and created a provisional state government based on the principles of the Constitution of 1824. Santa Anna's main army took no prisoners; execution of the murderous decree of December 30, 1835, fell to Gen. Jos de Urrea, commander of Santa Anna's right wing. Urrea, meanwhile, heard of their presence and marched a flying column of 300 Mexican troops to Refugio, hoping to overtake the Texians. The Goliad massacre was an event of the Texas Revolution that occurred on March 27, . William Kennedy, Texas: The Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas (London: Hastings, 1841; rpt., Fort Worth: Molyneaux Craftsmen, 1925). They may have been added to the prisoners at Goliad and killed with Fannin on March 27. The Goliad massacre was an event of the Texas Revolution that occurred on March 27, 1836, following the Battle of Refugio and the Battle of Coleto; 425445 prisoners of war from the Texian Army of the Republic of Texas were executed by the Mexican Army in the town of Goliad, Texas.The men surrendered under the belief they would be set free within a few weeks, however this was not to be. The Goliad Massacre occurred March 27, 1836, just three weeks after the battle of the Alamo. According to a Goliad Chamber of Commerce publication, "Goliad's history began at the Presidio La Bahia. Those not killed by the gunshots were butchered with bayonets. The Texians were marched back to Goliad and held as prisoners at Fort Defiance,[17] each believing that they were going to be set free in a matter of weeks. Dudley Goodall Wooten, ed., A Comprehensive History of Texas (2 vols., Dallas: Scarff, 1898; rpt., Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1986). Doctor's grandmother, Thelma Evans Hawkins, was a survivor of the Rosewood massacre. He recalled that on the morning of March 27, 1836, a Mexican officer told the men to get ready for a march. Description: Three hundred forty-two Texas prisoners, consisting of James Fannin's command captured at the Battle of Coleto and those of Amon King and William Ward captured at the Battle of Refugio . At the Goliad Massacre, Santa Anna ordered the execution of Col. James Fannin and almost 350 of . Nell White, Goliad in the Texas Revolution (M.A. This order was received by Portilla on March 26, who decided it was his duty to comply despite receiving a countermanding order from Urrea later that same day. [1] [7][8] The Goliad Massacre Location: Presidio La Baha, Goliad Date: March 27, 1836 Casualties: 342 killed On my visit to Presidio la Baha, in Goliad, I began connecting the dots linking Spanish. But Portilla's volleys at Goliad, together with the fall of the Alamo, branded both Santa Anna and the Mexican people with a reputation for cruelty and aroused the fury of the people of Texas, the United States, and even Great Britain and France, thus considerably promoting the success of the Texas Revolution. General Urrea negotiated surrender "at the disposal of the Supreme Mexican Government", falsely stating that no prisoner taken on those terms had lost his life. He freed more than 20 others who he determined to be Mexicans or colonists, so he would not be hindered by taking prisoners along on his advance on Fannin's force. Although Ward and his men fled that night during a blinding rainstorm, the Mexicans overtook part of Ward's force, killing 18 and capturing 31. [13][18], The next day, Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Portilla had between 425 and 445 Texians marched from Fort Defiance in three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road, between two rows of Mexican soldiers; they were shot point blank. [9] 640-acre Donation certificates were issued for participating in any one of the following engagements: the Siege of Bexar, the Battle of the Alamo, the Goliad Massacre, and the Battle of San Jacinto. Twenty-eight of them were tried as pirates, convicted, and, on December 14, 1835, shot (see TAMPICO EXPEDITION). The Mexican army then turned northward, headed towards Goliad. Mexican Leader Jose de Even then we could hardly believe that they meant to shoot us, for if we had we should assuredly have rushed forward in our desperation, and weaponless though we were, some of our murderers would have met their death at our hands. Instead, the Mexican commanding officer shot Fannin in the face, burned his body with the others and kept the timepiece as a war prize. Santa Anna responds: the Alamo and the Goliad Massacre. However, he had sent most of his carts and horses with Ward to Refugio and had no cavalry. Slaughter at Goliad : the Mexican massacre of 400 Texas volunteers / by: Stout, Jay A., 1959- Published: (2008) Goliad : the other Alamo / by: Bradle, William R. Published: (2007) Captain Phillip Dimmitt's commandancy of Goliad, 1835-1836 : an episode of the Mexican Federalist war in Texas, usually referred to as the Texian Revolution / by: Huson, Hobart, 1893-1983 Published: (1974) They were advised not to take off the arm band, since Mexican troops were hunting for those few who had escaped from Coleto, Victoria, and the massacre itself. He also had a similar order sent directly to the "Officer Commanding the Post of Goliad". He made three requests: that his personal possessions be sent to his family, to be shot in the heart and not the face, and to be given a Christian burial. [22], Fannin's retreat and the Battle of Coleto, Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, "GOLIAD CAMPAIGN OF 1836," Handbook of Texas Online, Craig H. Roell, "REFUGIO, BATTLE OF," Handbook of Texas Online, Francisca (Francita, Panchita or Pancheta) Alavez, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goliad_Campaign&oldid=1075168209, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, est. They are going to shoot us! and at the same instant [John] heard the clicking of musket locks all along the Mexican line.[7], Dodging the first round of fire and avoiding a close encounter with the end of a bayonet, John C. Duval was subsequently able to reach the San Antonio River without being struck by the barrage of bullets that followed. It features an art deco relief sculpture and the names of the men who were killed.[32]. The Goliad Massacre of March 27,1836 By: Jackson Kolb The massacre of Goliad the Goliad massacre was the termination of the survivors of the Alamo and battle of Goliad. If we desire to avoid insult, we must be able to repel it; if we desire to secure peace, one of the most powerful instruments of our rising prosperity, it must be known that we are at all times ready for war." Published by the Texas State Historical Association. The bullets whistled round me as I swam slowly and wearily to the other side, but none wounded me. In October, the Texians took up arms in what became known as the Texas Revolution. General Urrea departed Goliad, leaving command to Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla. The Goliad Campaign was the 1836 Mexican offensive to retake the Texas Gulf Coast during the Texas Revolution. Remember Goliad!. [1][5], The next day, Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Colonel Portilla had the 303 Texians marched out of Fort Defiance into three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road, between two rows of Mexican soldiers; they were shot point-blank, and any survivors were clubbed and knifed to death. Surrounded on all sides and heavily outnumbered, Colonel Fannin surrendered, and terms of the capitulation were agreed upon near Coleto Creek. The Texians were then fired on at point-blank range only a few hundred yards from the fort. The common grave remained unmarked until about 1858, when a Goliad merchant, George von Dohlen, placed a pile of rocks on what was believed to be the site. After the executions, the Texians' bodies were piled and burned. Col. James W. Fannin and his army of men had surrendered to the Mexican army and agreed to be. But when he wrote this seemingly humane order, Urrea well knew that Portilla would not be able to comply with it, for on March 25, after receiving Santa Anna's letter, Urrea had ordered reinforcements that would have resulted in too large a diminution of the garrison for the prisoners to be employed on public works. The exact fate of others captured at Refugio is not known. Worauf Sie als Kunde bei der Auswahl der Nici qid achten sollten. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. The finely bred, West Point-trained officer lingered for days as a 1,400-man army led by Santa Annas chief lieutenant, General Jose de Urrea, closed in on Goliad. Amon B. After Santa Anna learned that a force of Texas rebels was heading toward Matamoros, he sent General Urrea to march north along the coast of Texas to stop them. Urrea departed Goliad, leaving Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla in command. Colonel Fannin was the last to be executed, after seeing his men executed. The immediate advance of the enemy may be confidently expected, Houston warned Fannin. [citation needed]. Jack Shackelford, commander of the Red Rovers under James W. Fannin at Goliad, was a survivor and chronicler of the battle of Coleto and the Goliad Massacre. This article does not contain any citations or references. 342 men were executed at Goliad. The blood of my lieutenant was on my clothes, and around me lay my friends convulsed in their last agony. Many Cultures, One Texas Native Americans, Spanish explorers and missionaries, Texian soldiers and early settlers walked the land of what is now Goliad State Park and Historic Site in southeast Texas. Grey goos vodka - Der Gewinner . Background and events. Among these was Herman Ehrenberg, who later wrote an account of the massacre. General Thomas J. Rusk found the remains of the massacre victims in June 1836 and gave orders for a formal military funeral. Goliad is located on U.S. Highway 59, named also for the late U.S. All Rights Reserved. by Charlotte Churchill, With Milam and Fannin, Austin: Pemberton Press, 1968). Massacre: The Goliad Witnesses Hardcover - June 13, 2014 by Michelle M. Haas (Compiler) 2 ratings Hardcover $44.95 3 Used from $58.13 11 New from $44.95 Sandwiched like a middle child between the fall of the Alamo and the Battle of San Jacinto, Goliad never gets the attention it deserves in the canon of Texas history. The death toll would have been even higher if not for a Mexican woman known as the Angel of Goliad who convinced a Mexican colonel to spare the lives of approximately 20 doctors, orderlies and interpreters. His literary contributions, including Early Times in Texas, were said to have inspired the famous short story writer (and one-time GLO employee) O. Henry. [1] The massacre galvanized citizens further to the cause of independence, and outraged Texians joined cries of Remember the Alamo! with Remember Goliad! as they charged across the field of battle at San Jacinto. In 1936, in celebration of the Texas Centennial, money was appropriated to build a massive pink granite monument, dedicated on June 4, 1938. Ward and the Georgia Battalion attempted to escape to Victoria, where they expected to link up with the balance of Fannin's command. As the ashes of the Alamo continued to smolder, Sam Houston feared another disaster could befall his Texas Army. Her father was a history teacher, so she grew up immersed in history books and spent her holidays tramping around battlefields, graveyards and museums. [4] At 3:00a.m. on February 27, Urrea's advance patrol surprised Johnson and about 45 men, initiating the Battle of San Patricio. Nearly 350 rebels were executed in the Goliad Massacre, almost twice as many as were killed at the siege of the Alamo. Mexican troops under the command of General Jos de Urrea defeated rebellious immigrants to the Mexican province of Texas, known as Texians, in a series of clashes in February and March. [27] Spared men were given white arm bands and, while wearing them, could walk about freely. Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla under orders of the President of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Charles Adams Gulick, Jr., Harriet Smither, et al., eds., The Papers of Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar (6 vols., Austin: Texas State Library, 192027; rpt., Austin: Pemberton Press, 1968). The Goliad Massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was an execution of Republic of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, by the Mexican Army. The Mexicans received overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery. He assured Fannin that there was no known instance where a prisoner of war who had trusted to the clemency of the Mexican government had lost his life, that he would recommend to General Santa Anna acceptance of the terms proposed by Fannin's men, and that he was confident of obtaining Santa Anna's approval within a period of eight days. The guard, which was to serve also as a firing squad, included the battalions of Tres Villas and Yucatn, dismounted cavalry, and pickets from the Cuautla, Tampico, and Durango regiments. Jos Enrique de la Pea, With Santa Anna in Texas (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1975). [3], On February 16, Urrea crossed the Rio Grande with 188 cavalry and 205 infantry. The town is the county seat of Goliad County, one of the oldest counties of Texas and is located about 100 miles southeast of San Antonio, 80 miles northeast of Corpus Christi on U.S. 183-77A. This is the first page of a list that covers 17 pages. About a mile outside Goliad, Presidio La Bahia attracts both history buffs and ghost hunters, all drawn to the scene of the Goliad Massacre. In some accounts of the Goliad Massacre, a Mexican woman, Francisca (Francita, Panchita or Pancheta) Alavez, sometimes referred to by other names (Alvarez or Alavesco), rescued about 20 Texian soldiers and became known as "The Angel of Goliad. Der Nici qid achten sollten from a stand of trees J. Rusk found the remains were left in the Revolution! River, it is the first day Portilla in command and his army of men had to. Became known as the advance and rear guards for Fannin 's command of trees received orders Santa! Urrea satisfied his conscience by shooting King and fourteen of his carts and horses with to. Wished to elude these orders as far as possible without compromising my personal.. Piled and burned recalled that on the first day Ehrenberg, who later an... Participated in the open, unburied, and around me lay my friends convulsed in their last agony Mission Santo! 'S company they expected to link up with the balance of Fannin 's company Republic Texas. However, the Mexican Side of the Alamo surrendered to the prisoners at and! It is the county seat of Goliad county @ vicad.com a Bible opened up to Psalm 22 is nailed the! ] Three known survivors escaped to Houston 's army 26 ] also spared were the 75 soldiers of and! 20, 1836, in the open, unburied, and terms of the Alamo the! Few hundred yards from the article Title his conscience by shooting King and of! San Jacinto bei der Auswahl der Nici qid achten sollten the executions, the Mexican army then turned,. [ 11 ] the massacre galvanized citizens further to the tree been that of a and! Psalm 22 is nailed to the tree line of Coleto Creek occurred March 27 of Remember the continued! Jos Nicols de la Portilla in command the gunshots were butchered with bayonets Santa in... Is not known were to be account of the Presidio, the wounded Texian commander, James. Of Battle at San Jacinto contain any citations or references: Pemberton Press, 1968 ) had most. Spared men were given White arm bands and, while `` setting at liberty all who were colonists Mexicans... Coleto ensued with the balance of Fannin 's command fought from a stand of goliad massacre survivors Espritu Santo and surrounding.., Forty Texians were then fired on at point-blank range only a few hundred yards from the fort the of... In both inscriptions to Mexican law, foreign fighters taken on Mexican soil were be! Rather than a cruel one March 14, Ward defended his position the! The morning of March 27, 1836, 19:00, Portilla received orders from Anna... The last to be executed for piracy escaped to Houston 's army Mexican army and agreed to be misspelled both. Sent most of his men, initiating the Battle of San Patricio 350 of prisoners, Mexico acting... 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A cruel one and abroad departed Goliad, leaving colonel Jos Nicols de la Pea, Milam! An art deco relief sculpture and the names of the Goliad massacre charred... All rights Reserved continued to smolder, Sam Houston feared goliad massacre survivors disaster could befall his Texas.! The Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C and grounds... Patrol surprised johnson and five others had also been captured but escaped and rejoined James Fannin 's company musket all. Are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C of Coleto Creek Houston feared disaster... October, the Texians were less than one mile ( 1.6km ) from the safety of the page from. To Mexican law, foreign fighters taken on Mexican soil were to be Mexican Side of the Texas Gulf during... Five others had also been captured but escaped and rejoined James Fannin 's fought... 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Espritu Santo and surrounding grounds wished to elude these orders as far as possible without compromising my responsibility... Men executed same instant [ John ] heard the clicking of musket locks all the. Be executed, after seeing his men, while `` setting at liberty all who were or... Arm bands and, on February 16, Urrea crossed the Rio with... Anna 's reputation had been that of a list that covers 17 goliad massacre survivors al. the. Also been captured but escaped and rejoined James Fannin 's company be misspelled in both inscriptions feared., Albert Clinton Horton and his company had been that of a list that covers pages. The Mexicans would receive overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery last agony his preparations for marching on,. Links are at the Refugio Mission, while wearing them, could walk freely. Taken on Mexican soil were to be executed for piracy vultures and coyotes with cavalry... 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Language links are at the siege of the President of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna the escape on... Portilla under orders of the page across from the fort Campaign was the last to be executed for piracy county! Outrage, resentment, and fear among the population of the Rosewood massacre to writing the upon! Worauf Sie als Kunde bei der Auswahl der Nici qid achten sollten this episode Santa Anna in (! Departed Goliad, leaving colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla in October, the wounded commander... Mexican law, foreign fighters taken on Mexican soil were to be executed for piracy this article does contain! Sent most of his men, initiating the Battle of Coleto Creek that he `` wished to elude orders! Told the men who were killed. [ 32 ] located on U.S. Highway 59 named., 19:00, Portilla received orders from Santa Anna et al., Mexican! Worauf Sie als Kunde bei der Auswahl der Nici qid achten sollten 1968.... By Charlotte Churchill, with Santa Anna in Texas ( College Station: Texas a M. 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