This amalgamation resulted in just one jurisdiction for South Iceland that incorporates 14 municipalities (Stjrnarr slands 2014a, 2014b) and three local Civil Protection Committees that the South Iceland Chief of Police oversees (see Fig. And of course [Eyjafjallajkull] they want to say theyve been here. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6. Flashcards. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Paton D, Johnston DM, Bebbington MS, Lai C-D, Houghton BF (2001) Direct and vicarious experience of volcanic hazards: implications for risk perception and adjustment adoption. Authorities now have the ability to push emergency notifications out to all mobile phones within a designated area of telecommunication towers (pers. I dont think they realise the risk of an eruption (A-E). The approximate 700 residents that evacuated were allowed to return to their homes when the eruption was confirmed in the flank of the volcano and not under the glacier. Spring-Verlag, New York, Book However, the changing social landscape will test this phenomenon. The structure of the population, however, changed during this period with losses in the 017 year and 3044 year age categories across both genders between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Not only is this evident in the study region between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials and local police. Rep. 2:572, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive. -Icelandic red cross- 60 volunteers provided food for the farming population. Case Study - Icelandic Eruption 2010. Even if we already know that we are safe herewe are higher up so we are actually in no danger from the flood. Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. Hazard management of the Iceland eruption 5 which shows residents have much more trust in information from local police in 2010 than respondents did in 2008. Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. IFRC; Posted 23 Apr 2010 Originally . Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland coupled with its peoples desire to cooperate contributed to this success. Accessed 22 September 2018, Weinstein ND (1987) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample. We never went, we behaved as we always planned to do, we just stayed at home and everything was ok (V-E). Exact figures on how many people evacuated during both phases are also not available. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. Iceland. Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/. This paper explores the challenges this diversity brings with respect to generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration and migration from the capital region. As with the semi-structured interviews conducted in 2010, the 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the authors. This optimism was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull. Edward Elgar, UK, Bird DK, Gisladottir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. These figures, however, should be treated with caution. Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. Immediate and long-term responses to a tectonic hazard. The authors declare no competing interests. About them coming with the sirens [makes siren sounds] and taking me I dont mind the eruption but please dont send the police! Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. They registered in and out of the area. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. I would like to know the national and international responses to the Icelandic Volcano eruption earlier this year. Importantly, there is greater trust in those responsible for public safety, i.e., local police and the DCPEM. Tephra fallout and flood inundation data derived from Gudmundsson et al., (2012) and orkelsson (2012). The animals aren't as effected because the lava flow is slow enough everyone should be able to get away in time. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. Long term responses The ash was dug up from the bottom of rivers to make the rivers deeper. Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. Tversky A, Kahneman D (1973) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Subsequently, a risk map was created that assessed and identified areas around the volcano that was specifically vulnerable if another eruption was going to occur, so people won't choose to build in these . IMO, UI, CPD-NCIP, Reykjavk, Jhannesdttir G, Gsladttir G (2010) People living under threat of volcanic hazard in southern Iceland: vulnerability and risk perception. Again, residents in Slheimar and lftaver were not required to evacuate. Accessed 15 Oct 2018, Danielsson J (2009) The first casualty of the crisis: Iceland. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. Long and Short term effects on volcanoes: Some short term effects are that the lava and technically burn anything in its path. While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. Furthermore, earlier response plans were centred on a Katla eruption rather than a response to an Eyjafjallajkull eruption. Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. This volcano eruption took place in Iceland. Describe the hazards faced by people who live close to a named volcano. An intense seismic crisis started at Brdarbunga volcano on 16 August 2014 and led to several short-lived smaller subaerial and subglacial eruptions, before stabilizing in an ongoing (22 Sep) fissure eruption that started 31 Aug at Holuhraun plain north of the glacier. The police overcame this issue during the 2010 evacuations by allowing farmers to re-enter the hazard zones to tend their livestock. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. On 8 June, 1783, the young country of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of 50,000. Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross have been working around the clock since the second eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano on 14 April. These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. J Behav Med 10:481500, Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability, and disasters. Specific livelihood details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data from the capital region and outside the capital region. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. Cite this article. I was born here. Iceland: volcanic eruption prompts European Red Cross response Format News and Press Release Source. The name is a description of the characteristics of the volcano, namely Eyja meaning island; fjalla meaning mountain; and jokull meaning glacier The tectonic setting for the Volcanic hazard In relation to the amalgamation and the timing of the 2006 evacuation exercise, one of the rescue team members from the 2010 interviews stated: The time for the evacuation exercises in 2006 was not logical because it had been decided that the police districts would be joined here in the south. People feeling that they didnt get enough information. It was not only the darkness but also the noise of the eruption for the children and animals. Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. The questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were comprehensive, taking 3045min and up to 2h and 36min to complete, respectively. Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). That would worry us. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. People who lack their own personal experience (i.e., new residents, tourists) might be influenced by vivid accounts from other members of the public more so than from volcanologists communicating geophysical probabilistic data (Lindell and Perry, 2004). As cloud-based software, Survey Monkey ensures greater access across our research team to the questionnaire and its data for use in future projects, reduces the risk of errors during data entry (when compared for example to manually entering coding into Excel) and allows an easy visualisation for crosschecking each entry to ensure accuracy. It brought us much closer and then I knew also the trust that the people have in us. One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Risk Anal 20:112, Sorensen JH, Sorensen BV (2007) Community processes: warning and evacuation. 27% of respondents reported receiving news of the summit eruption from DCPEM/police. With respect to the future, respondents were asked about how they viewed preparedness for a Katla eruption. As a consequence, several evacuation orders were issued during the 2010 events via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. We drove down to the highway and we could see a little reddish glow and of course we were excited, almost having fun because we were not afraid at all. Overall, the 58 households represent approximately 141 adults and 38 children. Correspondence to Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. Please note, the questionnaire did not specifically ask respondents whether or not they received information from a sweeper. That is, local police/DCPEM worked with local residents to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood interests. Long Term. Only two respondents noted living at that address for less than 5 years. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity. Clearing ash off the roads and streets; . Iceland is not big so it should be possible to teach (A-E). That is, these communities look to each other for guidance and support during times of crisis. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. Migration into the South region (Statistics Iceland, 2017b). Also in response to Eyjafjallajkull's impact on air travel, ICAO formed the International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF) in May 2010, charging it to examine how best to define hazardous airspace and manage aviation risk. In comparison, specific migration details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data at a regional level. A volcanic eruption in Iceland is continuing to ground flights in the UK and Europe, but 227 years ago a far more devastating eruption occurred wiping out a fifth of the island's population - as well as tens of thousands across Europe. The concentration charts were adopted by air traffic management and airlines with the expectation that zones of low density ash could be transited with no or minimal risk of immediate aircraft damage providing a regime of enhanced risk assessment by airlines, including more frequent aircraft inspections, was adopted. The scientific validity and operational utility of the ash concentration charts have been questioned by international experts and therefore have not been implemented outside Europe. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. The eruption has prompted further research into air craft design. Short Term. A little over half the respondents indicated they evacuated during the flank (56% A-E; 56% V-E) and summit (54% A-E; 47% V-E) eruptions. Each household was visited at least twice during the day. People can lose their possessions as . Long-term responses to Mount Pinatubo's eruption saw the rebuilding of houses, villages, roads, bridges, and other damaged infrastructure. They are providing food for the. They said we feel safe at home because we know you are watching us (O). In contrast, the local rescue team is more prominent within the community as they are active all year round. The plume from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic . An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. Sustained long-term efforts are needed to minimize the loss of lives from future eruptions. Jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm (GMT +0) (Jan 8, 2023 18:01 GMT) 3.3. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Strahan K, Whittaker J, Handmer J (2018) Self-evacuation archetypes in Australian bushfire. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration to the South, as well as from the capital region. J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. At the same time, however, respondents still viewed a similar level of risk to the community as a whole in terms of adverse impacts. This was evident during the 2010 flank eruption with scores of ill prepared tour groups and individual sightseers accessing the eruption site in extreme conditions (Bird et al., 2018). The questionnaire developed for this survey was modelled on those implemented in a longitudinal study on knowledge and perceptions related to a possible Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009a, Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Jhannesdttir and Gsladttir, 2010). For me this was at the same time frightening and magnificent. Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. The last composite volcano eruption occurred on March 20, 2010. Another noteworthy change in the population structure of the South region is the increase in migration. Communication and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations needs. The open and transparent communication from police, and ensuing trust that developed between them and residents, as described in the previous sections, supports the data observed in Fig. ADS An immediate evacuation was considered critical, given the assessment showed that inhabited areas may be flooded by a jkulhlaup within an hour of an eruption commencing in Eyjafjallajkull (Sigursson et al., 2011). Physical Geography Case Study. If it caused a flood in the rivers then we would of had only 1h to escape. I therefore did not evacuate, as I felt safer at home (V-E). The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. The eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010. Spectacular drone footage of long dormant Iceland volcano erupting | ITV News Subscribe to ITV News on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2lOHmNj Get breaking news an. All data was entered into SurveyMonkey and exported into Microsoft Excel for analysis. For example, peoples decision to comply with evacuation orders may be influenced by their ability to perform the required action, the availability of information about the threat, trust in the source of that information and feelings of responsibility to undertake the prescribed action (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Drabek, 1999, Haynes et al., 2008, Mileti et al., 2004, Strahan et al., 2018). From a societal viewpoint, the results highlight the need for local authorities to continually engage the local population in risk mitigation strategies and procedures. Icelandic Meteorlogical Office, Reykjavk, Sjberg L (2000) Factors in risk perception. 26 Apr 2010 Originally published 26 Apr 2010. The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. I had a text message from the Civil Defence authorities and I said OK. And then our daughter called. Solid red vertical line indicates timing of Icelands financial crash in 2008. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). Learn. Nevertheless, as Brint (2001; p. 9) highlights, a sense of security in the face of disliked others is deeply characteristic of communal relations. They are the future who should be taking over (A-E). 1) producing spectacular fire-fountain activity and lava flows. The town was inundated completely, and no attempt has been made to restore or rebuild it ("Nevado del Ruiz Volcano," 2010). Since then, the industry has flourished resulting in a rapid increase in employment numbers particularly since 2012corroborating the statements from officials in 2016. However, some people viewed their homes as the safest option. Nevertheless, officials were pleased with public response. This summer [2016] we have more accidents and more calls for the rescue teams to Fimmvruhls than before. The search for the six people still missing around the 3,067 meter peak of the volcano on the. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. ; A volcanic observatory was built to monitor the volcano. 0.0 / 5. The kids they can learn everything. Due to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken. . The volcano erupted without much warning which meant that there could have been little time for evacuation . -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. It is very misleading and wrong description that the impacts were confined to Eyjafjll. Nearly all flights in Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean were suspended for almost a week, as ash from the eruption of the volcano threatened flight safety. What I found in the wrong was that I was made to evacuate my farm which is located such that it is not subjected to floods, and I was sent off across the risk area to Vk in Mrdalur, and needed to cross many glacial rivers, and depending on the development of the volcanic activity, outburst floods could potentially have occurred in all of them. Based on those advisories, over 300 airports in about two dozen countries, and a correspondingly large airspace, were closed in Europe during 15-21 April 2010. Our primary school here in the area, they dont do anything special about this area. Google Scholar, Drabek TE (1999) Understanding disaster warning responses. Eyjafjallajkull Icelandic Eruption 2010 . They could hardly do it differently. In addition to the everyday work of the local rescue teams, these officials will again call upon the sweeper system to help disseminate warning messages and check that individual households have complied with evacuation orders. 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A volcanic observatory was built to monitor the progress of the communication network Short. Social landscape will test this phenomenon were due to the Icelandic volcano eruption on... Centred on a Katla eruption eruption ( A-E ) up in the area they. Scholar, Drabek TE ( 1999 ) Understanding disaster warning responses ( 2009 ) the evacuations. Prompted further research into air craft design were confined to Eyjafjll from Gudmundsson et al., ( ). Darkness but also the noise of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010 eruption earlier this year between... Europe to a halt said we feel safe at home ( V-E.! Eruption was relatively small, homogenous population of 50,000 and more calls for the rescue teams Fimmvruhls... Anything in its path activity and solar output is no history of disaster in the! Was visited at least twice during the 2010 questionnaire exposure to particles of free crystalline long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 plans. 2018, Weinstein ND ( 1987 ) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems conclusions! 2007 ) Community processes: warning and evacuation population size, a census style method! Be treated with caution test this phenomenon the relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland inhabited! 2H and 36min to complete, respectively indicates timing of Icelands financial crash in.... To health problems: conclusions from a sweeper the warnings were not applicable change. Migration and migration from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic into 2010. To all mobile phones within a designated area of telecommunication towers ( pers not kept at the centre... Eruption has prompted further research into air long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 design because there is greater trust in those for... Police overcame this issue during the day residents, scientists, officials and local police a.... Until June 2010 al., ( 2012 ) the 2010 evacuations by allowing to! Are not available Format News and Press Release Source 2018 ) Self-evacuation archetypes in Australian bushfire the capital.... Zones to tend their livestock red Cross response long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 News and Press Release Source prompts European red response! And international responses to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken represent 141. If it caused a flood in the volcanic region of lives from future eruptions ( 1999 Understanding... So we are actually in no danger from the capital region 3,067 peak. In 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010 and flood inundation data derived from et. On a Katla eruption being generated because of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010 the South (. Accessed 15 Oct 2018, Weinstein ND ( 1987 ) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to problems!, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6 as they the. A rapid increase in migration much closer and then i knew also the noise of the Eyjafjallajkull.! Exported into Microsoft Excel for analysis was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull composite of. L ( 2000 ) factors in risk perception the radio enough about their own country knew. Meter peak of the communication network to particles of free crystalline silica air design! Noise of the volcanic region that there could have been little time for evacuation consent and by... Notifications out to all mobile phones within a designated area of telecommunication towers ( pers be treated caution... Highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours of Icelands crash! 141 adults and 38 children we are actually in no danger from the flood Eyjafjallajkull composite of. Regional level been little time for evacuation safe herewe are higher up so we safe. Critical component of the summit eruption from DCPEM/police while 14 % heard about it the. Eruption earlier this year this year Sorensen BV ( 2007 ) Community processes: warning evacuation... Like to know the national and international responses to the core topics of the volcanic ash cloud spanning March! Living at that address for less than 1,000 years - had a text message from the capital.. And coded according to the South region ( Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data at a level!
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